地震波斜入射下土质边坡的稳定性分析*

地震诱发的边坡失稳是重要的地质灾害类型之一，数值方法是对地震边坡进行分析的一项重要工具。基于黏弹性人工边界，通过将地震记录转化为等效地震荷载实现地震波在场地中的施加；并采用Mohr?Coulomb准则模拟土体的非线性特征。根据非线性有限元软件ABAQUS，建立了双面边坡的数值模型，通过分析地震波在不同角度入射下不同坡角边坡的地震响应，讨论了地震波入射角以及边坡坡角对破坏的影响。结果表明，地震波入射角和边坡形状改变了地震波在坡体内的传播规律，因此影响了边坡的破坏。随着地震波入射角的增加，靠近波源一侧坡面的滑动位移和滑动区域逐渐增加，而远离波源一侧的滑动位移和滑动区域逐渐减小。边坡坡度的增加引起坡面危害的逐渐加剧。本文讨论了不同尺寸边坡在不同地震作用下的破坏规律，从而为地震诱发边坡的失稳破坏提供了理论支撑，具有重要的现实工程意义。     

Watershed Evapotranspiration Increased due to Changes in Vegetation Composition and Structure Under a Subtropical Climate1

Abstract: Natural forests in southern China have been severely logged due to high human demand for timber, food, and fuels during the past century, but are recovering in the past decade. The objective of this study was to investigate how vegetation cover changes in composition and structure affected the water budgets of a 9.6‐km² Dakeng watershed located in a humid subtropical mountainous region in southern China. We analyzed 27 years (i.e., 1967‐1993) of streamflow and climate data and associated vegetation cover change in the watershed. Land use/land cover census and Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index (NDVI) data derived from remote sensing were used to construct historic land cover change patterns. We found that over the period of record, annual streamflow (Q) and runoff/precipitation ratio did not change significantly, nor did the climatic variables, including air temperature, Hamon’s potential evapotranspiration (ET), pan evaporation, sunshine hours, and radiation. However, annual ET estimated as the differences between P and Q showed a statistically significant increasing trend. Overall, the NDVI of the watershed had a significant increasing trend in the peak spring growing season. This study concluded that watershed ecosystem ET increased as the vegetation cover shifted from low stock forests to shrub and grasslands that had higher ET rates. A conceptual model was developed for the study watershed to describe the vegetation cover‐streamflow relationships during a 50‐year time frame. This paper highlighted the importance of eco‐physiologically based studies in understanding transitory, nonstationary effects of deforestation or forestation on watershed water balances.     

PAC-chitosan复合絮凝剂中铝形态

以不同碱化度(B)的聚合氯化铝(PAC)和不同粘度的壳聚糖为原料制备出一系列PAC-chitosan复合絮凝剂。采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法研究了PAC-chitosan复合絮凝剂中铝的形态分布，探讨了PAC的B值、壳聚糖的含量（C）和粘度（η）对复合絮凝剂中铝的形态分布的影响。结果表明：壳聚糖与PAC之间发生了一定的相互作用，通过试验结果推断出当B=1.5，壳聚糖粘度η=800 Pa·s，C=0.6 mg/mL絮凝效果最佳。并用某造纸废水进行了烧杯絮凝试验。絮凝试验结果与推断结果相一致。     

Estimating Forest Ecosystem Evapotranspiration at Multiple Temporal Scales With a Dimension Analysis Approach1

Abstract:  It is critical that evapotranspiration (ET) be quantified accurately so that scientists can evaluate the effects of land management and global change on water availability, streamflow, nutrient and sediment loading, and ecosystem productivity in watersheds. The objective of this study was to derive a new semi‐empirical ET modeled using a dimension analysis method that could be used to estimate forest ET effectively at multiple temporal scales. The model developed describes ET as a function of water availability for evaporation and transpiration, potential ET demand, air humidity, and land surface characteristics. The model was tested with long‐term hydrometeorological data from five research sites with distinct forest hydrology in the United States and China. Averaged simulation error for daily ET was within 0.5 mm/day. The annual ET at each of the five study sites were within 7% of measured values. Results suggest that the model can accurately capture the temporal dynamics of ET in forest ecosystems at daily, monthly, and annual scales. The model is climate‐driven and is sensitive to topography and vegetation characteristics and thus has potential to be used to examine the compounding hydrologic responses to land cover and climate changes at multiple temporal scales.     

固定式消防系统应对大型原油储罐全面积火灾的探讨

简述了大型储罐全面积火灾的特点,分析了固定式消防系统扑救大型储罐全面积火灾的优点和缺陷.以保护10万m3浮顶储罐为例,提出了固定式消防系统的关键设计参数和重要消防设备配置要求,与现有的固定式消防系统相比,其灭火能力大大提升,具有扑救大型储罐全面积火灾的可行性,同时对深入开展大型池火灭火专用泡沫液和罐间距等专题研究提出了建议.     

医疗保健行业中的纳米材料：职业风险和预防

欧洲职业健康安全署近期发布电子纪要,解释了保健行业工作者在他们工作场所的日常活动中如何与纳米材料发生可能的接触,并提供了预防潜在接触可以采取的措施。这些措施包括国家层面的法律监管、消除与替代、工程控制、管理措施以及个体防护装备（PPE）。作者特编译此文,为国内相关领域提供参考。     

纳米材料职业安全领域风险管理策略与措施

随着纳米材料的广泛应用,相关工作人员面临的潜在风险逐渐引起社会的重视。从监管角度看,纳米材料职业安全成为一个主要问题。本文参考奥地利科学院技术评估研究所出版的文章,概述了健康风险、检测和测量方法修订、工作场所评估等重要论题及权威机构和工业界已有的对工人安全和预防保健方面的建议。同时也介绍了我国开展的相关标准制定及研究、重要纳米材料的生物效应与安全性评价等基础性工作,以期为我国纳米材料职业安全的监管和评估提供参考。     

软质防弹材料的发展

近年来,软质防弹材料发展非常迅猛,本文系统地分析了软质防弹材料的防弹机理及其影响因素,提出了防弹装备设计的关注点。     

Interaction and influence of two creeks on Escherichia coli concentrations of nearby beaches: exploration of predictability and mechanisms

The impact of river outfalls on beach water quality depends on numerous interacting factors. The delivery of contaminants by multiple creeks greatly complicates understanding of the source contributions, especially when pollution might originate up- or down-coast of beaches. We studied two beaches along Lake Michigan that are located between two creek outfalls to determine the hydrometeorologic factors influencing near-shore microbiologic water quality and the relative impact of the creeks. The creeks continuously delivered water with high concentrations of Escherichia coli to Lake Michigan, and the direction of transport of these bacteria was affected by current direction. Current direction reversals were associated with elevated E. coli concentrations at Central Avenue beach. Rainfall, barometric pressure, wave height, wave period, and creek specific conductance were significantly related to E. coli concentration at the beaches and were the parameters used in predictive models that best described E. coli variation at the two beaches. Multiple inputs to numerous beaches complicates the analysis and understanding of the relative relationship of sources but affords opportunities for showing how these complex creek inputs might interact to yield collective or individual effects on beach water quality.     

Industrial layout reconstruction,the role of local government and variation of pollution distribution in China

ABSTRACT

In recent years, high-polluting industries have been gradually shifted from the eastern developed regions to the central and western underdeveloped regions in China. Certain environmental regulations have been in place accordingly in various regions, but the pollution in the central and western regions has risen sharply. Based on the data of interprovincial panel in China from 2006 to 2015, this paper calculates high-pollution industry dynamic agglomeration index, environmental pollution agglomeration index and relative environmental regulation intensity index, and uses Generalized Method of Moments to carry out the regression analyses of the whole samples, regional heterogeneity and temporal heterogeneity. The results show that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between relative environmental regulation and environmental pollution concentration in China. The concentration degrees of industrial wastewater pollution and industrial waste gas pollution are deepened, which are mainly caused by the transfer of highly polluting industries. However, the concentration of industrial solid waste pollution caused by the transfer is not obvious. Furthermore, the deepening of industrialization intensifies the concentration of regional environmental pollution. Environmental Kuznets Curve does exist in China, but it is not significant. The increase of labor cost and quality will reduce the concentration of environmental pollution.